Cluster Analysis of Failure Beliefs among Japanese Junior High School Students: Perspectives From “Failure Prevention” to “Failure Promotion”

This study investigated the failure beliefs among Japanese junior high school students using belief scale developed by Nishimura et al. Cluster analysis was performed categorizing 280 into four distinctive clusters: “high fearfulness group” with toward failure, “failure amicable low towards and utilization-possibility of “average that showed consistently average scores over two subscales, indifferent subscales. One-way ANOVA revealed first groups are different not in academic outcomes but social outcomes. The results suggested teachers should focus on aspects as well cognitive promoting qualitative development students’ groups.